ABSTRACT
Neuroendocrine neoplasms, commonly deriving from neuroendocrine cells of gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, are remarkably heterogeneous. As for gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, surgery is the first choice for treatment, whereas molecular targeted therapy provides a new treatment option for patients with local advancement or metastases. Drugs for molecular targeted therapy used clinically include somatostatin analogs, mammalian target of rapamyoin pathway inhibitors, tyrosinekinase inhibitors, immunotherapy and so on. Research findings from experiments and clinic trials will possibly provide new therapeutic methods for molecular targeted therapy in the future.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the impacts of garcinia acid on the proliferation and invasion abilities of human bladder cancer cell line(BIU-87), and to study the possible molecular mechanisms. Methods The BIU-87 cells were cultured in vitro, and then the cells were divided into control group, low-dose, middle-dose, and high-dose garcinia acid groups. The cells in the drug groups were treated with 20, 40, 80μmol/L of garcinia acid for 24, 48, and 72 h, and control group were incubated by normal medium. The inhibition of proliferation of BIU-87 cells was performed using CCK8 assay. The abilities of BIU-87 cell invasion were assessed using Transwell chambers, and the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) were analyzed using Western Blot technology.Results Compared with control group, the proliferation inhibitory rates of cells after treatment with low-, middle-, and high-dose garcinia acid for 24, 48, and 72 h were significantly decreased(P<0.05). Moreover, the proliferation inhibitory rates in different drug groups were greatly increased with the time extension. Compared with control group, the number of cells passing through the membrane(26 ± 4, 41 ± 4, 53 ± 5vs.119 ± 7) in low-, middle-, and high-dose garcinia acid group significantly decreased(P<0.05), the expression levels of VEGF (41.2 ± 6.2, 23.8 ± 5.2, 17.9 ± 4.7 vs. 14.8 ± 4.2) in low-, middle-, and high-dose garcinia acid group significantly decreased(P<0.05).Conclusions The Garcinia acid can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of BIU-87 cells via the down-regulation of VEGF expression.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms(a-NEN).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data of 20 patients diagnosed with a-NEN at Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University between January 2000 and December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Pathological diagnosis was based on the WHO classification criteria of digestive system tumors (2010 edition). Based on the mitotic count and Ki-67 index, a-NENs were divided into grade 1 neuroendocrine tumor (NET G1), grade 2(G2) NET G2) and grade 3 (neuroendocrine carcinoma, NEC). Some special types of a-NEN (e.g. goblet cell carcinoid) and mixed adenoneuroendocrine neoplasms were classified as mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC). Follow-up was conducted by telephone or return visits. Univariate analysis was carried out using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to draw survival curves.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 20 patients, 14 were male and 6 were female with median age of 54 years. Seventeen cases presented acute right lower quadrant abdominal pain, 1 chronic right lower quadrant abdominal pain, 1 persistent abdominal discomfort with outburst whole abdominal pain and 1 was found during body check without symptoms. Twenty cases comprised 8 G1 patients, 4 G2 patients, 3 G3 patients, and 5 MANEC patients. When diagnosed, there was 1 patient with liver metastasis, 1 patient with abdominal and pelvic metastases, and 2 patients with postoperative pathological findings of lymph node metastasis. Six patients underwent appendectomy, 12 underwent right hemicolectomy, 1 underwent right hemicolectomy plus small intestine resection, and 1 underwent partial hepatectomy plus right hemicolectomy. The follow-up time was 7-187 months(average, 36 months). The total 1- and 3-year survival rates were 94.7% and 60.2%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that age >50 years (χ=7.036, P=0.008), pathology grade as MANEC (χ=5.297, P=0.021), and metastasis (χ=6.558, P=0.010) indicated lower 5-year survival rate.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Most a-NEN patients have no typical symptoms, and the main complaint at consultation is acute right lower quadrant abdominal pain. Prognosis is poor for patients with age >50 years, MANEC pathology grade and metastasis.</p>
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Appendiceal Neoplasms , Diagnosis , General Surgery , Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine , Diagnosis , Therapeutics , Gastrointestinal Neoplasms , Neuroendocrine Tumors , Diagnosis , General Surgery , Prognosis , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms are a group of heterogeneous tumors originated from the gastrointestinal peptidergic neurons and neuroendocrine cells.Rectum is one of the major sites of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms.Although the progression of rectal neuroendocine neoplasms (rNENs) is relatively slow,metastasis could occurs and liver is the major target organ invaded by distant metastatic rNENs.Surgical operation can be used as the preferred method for the treatment of rNENs and its metastasis at present.If the clinical situations of tumors are not eligible for the operation,interventional treatment can be considered as an alternative treatment.The chemotherapies and molecule-targeted drugs for rNENs are primarily in the light of therapeutic methods for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms,it may help patients achieve partial response or stable disease,and prolong patients survival time.However,there has been few clinical researches directed toward rNENs and no an extensive consensus for treatment of rNENs up to now,and more evidences of evidence-based medicine should be necessitated.This paper has discussed and summarized treatment progression of rNENs and its metastasis.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the effects of sulforaphane (SFN) on oxidative stress and Nrf2(Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2)/HO-1(heme oxygenase-1) signaling pathway in renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2).Methods: HK-2 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into five groups, including the control group, H2O2 group, H2O2+10 μmol·L-1 SFN group, H2O2+20μmol·L-1 SFN group and H2O2+40 μmol·L-1 SFN group.The levels of MDA, NO, GSH and the activity of SOD were measured.The expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1 mRNAR and proteins were analyzed using RT-PCR and Western Blot methods.Results: The levels of MDA and NO in H2O2 group significantly increased when compared with those in the control group, while the levels of GSH and the activity of SOD significantly decreased(P<0.05).The levels of MDA and NO in the cells after the treatment of sulforaphane at different concentrations significantly reduced when compared with those in H2O2 group, while the levels of GSH and the activity of SOD significantly increased(P<0.05).The results of RT-PCR and Western Blot analysis showed that the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1 mRNAR and proteins in the cells after the treatment of sulforaphane at different concentrations were significantly up-regulated when compared with those in H2O2 group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Sulforaphane can strengthen the antagonism effects on oxidative stress injury in HK-2 cells and the underlying mechanism might be associated with activating Nrf2/HO-1 signal transduction pathway.